十三、復(fù)合句——形容詞性(定語)從句

　　定語從句的測試重點(diǎn)：選擇正確的關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞。

　　切記：關(guān)系代詞/副詞一定要在從句中充當(dāng)某種成分，即主語、賓語、表語或定語。指人時用who(做主語)、whom(做賓語)、whose(做定語);指物時用which或that;指時間用when;指地點(diǎn)用where;指原因用why。此外還要注意如下幾個問題：

　　1.尤其要注意whose的用法

　　whose在從句中做定語，修飾名詞。所以，如果關(guān)系代詞后面緊接的是名詞，且關(guān)系代詞又不在從句中做主語或賓語，那么，這個關(guān)系代詞就應(yīng)該是whose。如：

　　Of course developing a system for helping students whose needs are out of the ordinary had been a necessary step in helping those students get into the world of public education.

　　It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealth and happiness to elements with whose very names the general public are unfamiliar.

　　2.介詞 + which的用法

　　如果從句中主賓成分齊全，考生便可考慮關(guān)系代詞是否在從句中做狀語，而狀語通常用介詞短語充當(dāng)，于是可以得知，關(guān)系代詞前面應(yīng)有介詞，再分析所給的選項，根據(jù)與名詞的搭配作出正確選擇。如：

　　Children are best served when schools contribute to shaping the solid foundation on which their future will be built.

　　However, the batteries from which they(electric vehicles) draw energy usually contain harmful chemicals, which become pollutants when the batteries are disposed of.

　　We are not conscious of the extent to which work provides the psychological satisfaction that can make the difference between a full and an empty life.

　　3.非限定性定語從句前面有逗號標(biāo)志，按漢語習(xí)慣通常翻譯成兩個句子

　　切記：與漢語不同的是，英語中兩個句子之間一般說來不能用逗號斷開，而要用適當(dāng)?shù)倪B詞或關(guān)系代詞使它們形成從屬或并列關(guān)系。據(jù)此可判斷出逗號后面一句應(yīng)由起連接作用的詞開頭。注意：有時關(guān)系代詞前面還有其他附加成分。如：

　　Biologists believe that rainforests are the home of perhaps half the world’s biotic species, about five-sixth of which have not yet been described and named.

　　There are two spare rooms in the building, neither of which has been provided with modern facilities.

　　4.as 與which用作關(guān)系代詞的區(qū)別

　　(1)as與the same, such, so, as等關(guān)聯(lián)使用。如：

　　As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.

　　(2)as和which都可以引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句，但as在句中的位置比較靈活，可出現(xiàn)在句首、句中、句末，而which只能出現(xiàn)在句末，尤其是當(dāng)先行詞是整個句子時。如：

　　As is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.

　　As is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.

　　常見的這類結(jié)構(gòu)有：

　　as has been said before, as has been mentioned above, as can be imagined, as is known to all, as has been announced, as can be seen from these figures, as might/could be expected, as is often the case, as has been pointed out,

　　as often happens, as will be shown等。

　　5.關(guān)系代詞that與which用于引導(dǎo)定語從句的區(qū)別

　　(1)如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中做賓語，用that, which都可以，而且可以省略;

　　(2)先行詞是不定代詞anything, nothing, little, all, everything時，關(guān)系代詞用that;

　　(3)先行詞由形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾或由next，last, only, very修飾時，用that;

　　(4)非限定性定語從句只能用which引導(dǎo);

　　(5)關(guān)系代詞前面如果有介詞，只能用which。

　　6.but做關(guān)系代詞，用于否定句，相當(dāng)于who…not, that…not

　　這個結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn)是主句中常有否定詞或含有否定意義的詞。如：

　　There are few teachers but know how to use a computer.

　　There is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.

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