十二、倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)

　　倒裝是指句子成分不是按主語在前、謂語在后的正常語序排列，而是將謂語或謂語的一部分移到主語之前。倒裝是一種修辭手段，目的是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。倒裝分為部分倒裝和全部倒裝，考試多為部分倒裝。考生應(yīng)掌握什么情況下需要倒裝。

　　1.下列否定詞及含有否定意義的詞組修飾狀語時(shí)，若置于句首，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

　　never, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less。如：

　　Not only is its direct attack on their discipline, it bypasses the essence of what sociologists focus on.

　　Under no circumstances should we do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm the interests of the state.

　　2.以only修飾狀語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

　　only then, only at that time, only once, only in this way, only with, only through, only by, only when, only after, only because。如：

　　Only when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.

　　3.以下列副詞或短語開頭的句子，句子的主謂要部分倒裝

　　often, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point，many a time。如：

　　So involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.

　　4.以下列副詞開頭的句子，句子的主謂要全部倒裝

　　(1)出于修辭需要，表示方向的副詞：out, down, in, up, away, on。如：

　　Down jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.

　　(2)出于習(xí)慣用法：here, there, now, thus, hence, then。如：

　　Now is your turn. There goes the bell.

　　(3)有時(shí)主語較長(zhǎng)，為了使句子平衡，避免頭重腳輕，主謂要全部倒裝。這種情況多出現(xiàn)在主系表結(jié)構(gòu)中。如：

　　Less important than ever is developing a meaningful philosophy of life.

　　In between these two extremes are those people who agree with the jury system as a whole, but feel that some changes need to be implemented to improve its effectiveness.

　　5.讓步從句的倒裝

　　(1)as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句，必須采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)，但不是主謂倒裝，而是將被強(qiáng)調(diào)的內(nèi)容置于句首。如：

　　Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.

　　(2)出現(xiàn)在句型be+主語+其他, come what may中。如：

　　While it’s true that we all need a career, preferably a profitable one, it is equally true that our civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.

　　The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

　　Come what may, I’ll be on your side.

　　6.比較從句的倒裝

　　as, than引導(dǎo)的比較從句中，如果主語是名詞短語且較長(zhǎng)，經(jīng)常采用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)(不倒裝也可以)。注意：這種結(jié)構(gòu)主語一般為名詞，如果是代詞則不倒裝。如：

　　Hydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.

　　Today’s electric cars cannot go as fast as gasoline-driven vehicles because the battery does not offer the same amount of energy as does gasoline combustion.

　　Reading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.

　　(1)如果謂語動(dòng)詞是單個(gè)實(shí)義動(dòng)詞，倒裝時(shí)需根據(jù)人稱和時(shí)態(tài)加助動(dòng)詞do。如：

　　Little did we expect that he would fulfill his task so rapidly.

　　(2)考生要廣義理解“句首”的概念，注意從句的句首和并列分句的句首均為句首。如：

　　Suddenly, Gallup’s name was on everyone’s lips; not only was he the prophet of the moment, but it was generally believed that he had founded a new and most important method of prediction.

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