一、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)

　　時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)需要掌握的要點(diǎn)：

　　1.以下幾類動(dòng)詞一般不能用于進(jìn)行時(shí)，同樣不用于完成進(jìn)行時(shí)：

　　(1)表示感知的動(dòng)詞：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste, smell;

　　(2)表示意愿、情感的動(dòng)詞：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate;

　　(3)表示思考、看法的動(dòng)詞：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose;

　　(4)表示所有、占有的動(dòng)詞：belong to, owe, own, possess, hold(容納);

　　(5)其他動(dòng)詞：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem。

　　如：

　　I’d say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone who is depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.

　　(1997年考研題， belong表示歸屬，不用于進(jìn)行式)

　　He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.

　　(1990年考研題，see表示結(jié)果，不用于進(jìn)行式)

　　2. 不用will/shall表達(dá)將來(lái)時(shí)的形式：

　　(1)be going to表示現(xiàn)在的打算和意圖;

　　(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的動(dòng)詞的進(jìn)行體表示按計(jì)劃肯定要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作;

　　(3)be to (do)表示安排、計(jì)劃、決定、命令或注定要發(fā)生的事，如：

　　Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.

　　(4)be about to (do)表示將要(做)，如：

　　Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.

　　(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“馬上就要”，一般不與表示將來(lái)的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用;

　　(6)be, begin, come, depart, get off, go, leave, return, start的一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)表示按日歷或時(shí)刻表要發(fā)生的將來(lái)動(dòng)作或事件，如：

　　If you want your film to be properly processed, you’ll have to wait and pick it up on Friday, which is the day after tomorrow.

　　(畫(huà)線部分一般不用will be)

　　(7)在時(shí)間、條件、讓步從句中，一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，但要注意區(qū)別從句的類型，如：

　　I don’t know where he will go tomorrow. 我不知道他明天去哪兒。(賓語(yǔ)從句)

　　I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告訴他你什么時(shí)候再來(lái)電話。(賓語(yǔ)從句)

　　比較：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打電話時(shí)我告訴他。(狀語(yǔ)從句)

　　(8)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)代替將來(lái)時(shí)，如：

　　See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.

　　(include 不能用will include或其他形式)

　　3.完成時(shí)是時(shí)態(tài)測(cè)試的重點(diǎn)，注意與完成時(shí)連用的句型和時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：

　　(1)by/between/up to/till +過(guò)去時(shí)間、since、by the time/when +表示過(guò)去發(fā)生情況的從句，主句用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。如：

　　We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

　　Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

　　(表示1919年時(shí)已發(fā)生的情況)

　　(2)by +將來(lái)時(shí)間、by the time/ when +謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的從句，主句用將來(lái)完成時(shí)。如：

　　By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

　　I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.

　　(3)by now、since +過(guò)去時(shí)間、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具體數(shù)字)years/days/months，主句用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí), 但在it is +具體時(shí)間since/before這一句型中，主句更多的時(shí)候不用完成時(shí)。如：

　　The changes that howe taken place place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.

　　It is four years since John left school.

　　(4)在It is the +序數(shù)詞/形容詞最高級(jí)+that的定語(yǔ)從句中，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞常用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)。如：

　　It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

　　(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when/before…句型中，主句常用過(guò)去完成時(shí)。

　　(6)其他與完成時(shí)連用的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)：all this while, all this year, for some time, so far, already, before, just, long, yet等。

　　4.完成進(jìn)行時(shí)指動(dòng)作在完成時(shí)的基礎(chǔ)上還要繼續(xù)下去。如：

　　The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.

　　The school board listened quietly as John read the demand that his followers had been demonstrating for.

　　時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)答題思路：

　　(1)先根據(jù)選項(xiàng)的區(qū)別點(diǎn)確定考題要點(diǎn)為時(shí)態(tài)，然后回到題句中尋找給出的或暗示的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)，縮小選擇范圍，進(jìn)而選出正確答案;

　　(2)根據(jù)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與句子主語(yǔ)或非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與其邏輯主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系，確定句子是主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)還是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。