2019年考研真題及答案專題※ 微信對答案 ※ 萬題庫估分

　　閱讀A

　　Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this "clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable

　　restore public trust in financial institutions. Yet officials also hope for a much larger

　　benefit: more long-term decision making, not only by banks but by all corporations, to

　　build a stronger economy for future generations.

　　"Short-termism," or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly trades companies, says the Bank of England's top economist, Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as

　　acting like rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.

　　The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firm s efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed quarterly capitalism.

　　In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information at the speed of Twitter, and thus shorter attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing, said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.

　　In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer

　　performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce "short-termism" In its latest survey of CEO pay. The Wall Street Journal finds that "a substantial part" of executive pay is now tied to performance.

　　Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism" such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a company.

　　Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of al stakeholders. Britain' s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.

　　21.【題干】According to Paragraph 1,one motive in imposing the new rule is the _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.enhance bankers' sense of responsibility

　　B.help corporations achieve larger profits

　　C.build a new system of financial regulation

　　D.guarantee the bonuses of top executives

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干可知這是一道典型的細(xì)節(jié)題。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“paragraph 1”和“one motive in imposing the new rule”回文定位在第一段第三句“The main purpose of this 'clawback' rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institutions.”(這個規(guī)則主要目的是讓銀行家為不良風(fēng)險負(fù)責(zé)以及修復(fù)公眾對金融機構(gòu)的信任)，對比所給四個選項，只有A項 enhance bankers' sense of responsibility (增加銀行的責(zé)任感)與原文表述一致，故為正確答案。B項“help corporations achieve profits”(幫助公司獲得利潤)以及C項“build a new system of financial regulation”(建立新的金融監(jiān)管體系)在原文中并未提及。D項“guarantee the bonuses of top executives”(保證高管的獎金)與原文“…any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years…”(高管的任何有保證的獎金會被延遲10年)表述相反，故排除。

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　　22.【題干】Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicate _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.the conditions for generating quick profits

　　B.governments' impatience in decision-making

　　C.the solid structure of publicly traded companies

　　D.“short-termism” in economic activities

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干中的“Alfred Marshall”回文定位在第二段最后一句“Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience as acting like….”，其中的“this financial impatience”指上文提到的“short-termism”，也就是Alfred Marshall描述“短期主義”的行為就像……，由此可知，D項“short-termism” in economic activities(經(jīng)濟(jì)活動中的“短期主義”)為正確答案。其他選項在原文中均未提及，故排除。

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　　23.【題干】It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can be _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.indirect

　　B.adverse

　　C.minimal

　　D.temporary

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞“Transient investment”定位第三段第二句，“Transient investors, ... can hinder a firm's efforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty”(短暫投資會對公司的長期規(guī)劃設(shè)阻，并影響客戶的忠誠度。)A項 indirect (間接的)，原文未提及，排除;B項adverse (不利的)對應(yīng)原文“hinder”，故為正確選項;C項minimal (最小的)和 D項 temporary(暫時的)原文未提及，故排除。

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　　24.【題干】The US and France examples and used to illustrate _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.the obstacles to preventing short-termism

　　B.the significance of long-term thinking

　　C.the approaches to promoting

　　D.the prevalence of short-term thinking

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干定位到第五、六段，第五段為美國的例子，第六段為法國的例子，(第五段中美國延遲發(fā)放才上任一年左右的高管績效津貼，繼而促進(jìn)緩解“短期主義”盛行的現(xiàn)狀;第六段在法國持股兩年以上者擁有更大的選票權(quán)。)第六段首句承前啟后講到“Much more could be done to encourage 'long-termism'”促進(jìn)“長期主義”還有很多做法。A項The obstacles to preventing “short-termism”(預(yù)防“短期主義”的阻礙)，無中生有，故排除;B項 The significance of long-termism thinking(“長期主義”思維的意義)，無中生有，故排除;C項The approaches to promoting “Long-termism”(促進(jìn)“長期主義”的方法)，與原文一致，故為正確選項;D項The prevalence of short-termism thinking (“長期主義”思維的盛行)為第四段內(nèi)容，與題干無關(guān)，故排除。

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　　25.【題干】Which of the following would be the best title for the text? _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.Failure of Quarterly Capitalism

　　B.Patience as a Corporate virtue

　　C.Decisiveness Required of Top Executives

　　D.Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞best title可知這是一道典型的主旨大意題�？v觀全文，文章圍繞西方國家的金融行業(yè)的“短期主義”投資和“長期主義”投資展開。第一段由金融管理者制定的一項限制高管津貼措施引出全文中心話題，促進(jìn)金融投資的“長期主義”規(guī)劃;第二段介紹了目前英國銀行高管中“短期主義”投資占主流;第三段指出“短期主義”投資的弊端，第四段主要介紹美國現(xiàn)階段仍然通過技術(shù)手段使得“短期主義”投資愈發(fā)盛行;五六段舉例點明美法兩國為促進(jìn)“短期主義”投資所采取的措施;文章尾端再次呼應(yīng)首段，點明英國新政提醒銀行家們注重“長期主義”投資。B選項中的Patience對應(yīng)文章中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的主題詞short-termisim 和long-termisim, Corporate本身在文章中就多次出現(xiàn)，因此為最佳標(biāo)題。其余選項A. Failure of Quarterly Capitalism (季度資本主義的失敗), C. Decisiveness Required of Top Executives (高管需要的決斷力)D. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers(冒險銀行家的挫敗感)均不能概括全文，故排除。

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　　閱讀B

　　Over the course of the past three decades, the A has become the most common grade given out on American college campuses. In 2015, 42 percent of grades were top marks, compared to 31 percent in 1988.

　　This trend of grade inflation—the gradual increase in average GP As over the past few decades—is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force—a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"—is helping raise grade-point averages. Different schools' policies can work in slightly different ways, but in general, grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA. (Both grades still appear on the student's transcript.)

　　The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. According to a forthcoming survey by the American Association of Collegiate Registrars and Admissions Officers, a trade group, some 91 percent of undergraduate colleges and 80 percent of graduate and professional schools permit students to repeat courses to improve a grade. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.

　　The rise of grade forgiveness scans as yet another instance of colleges treating students as customers to be satisfied—similar to campus amenities such as luxurious dorms, palatial recreational facilities, and cornucopian dining halls. Indeed, there seems to be demand for do-overs. "Students are asking for it," said Jack Miner, Ohio State University's registrar and executive director of enrollment services. "We're attracting and, retaining stronger students and there's more competition to get into majors and graduate schools, and a small change in their GPA can help."

　　Ohio State expanded its grade-forgiveness policy three years ago to cover all undergraduates instead of just freshmen. Miner says that about 4,500 students roughly 10 percent of Ohio State's undergraduate population—take advantage of the policy in any given year. Most students see their grades rise in the second attempt, usually a full letter grade or a full letter and a half, Miner said. Still, about 15 percent of students who receive a failing grade in, the first attempt have the same outcome in the second. "That's a wake-up call for those students that maybe they need to reconsider their major," Miner said.

　　Miner is generally optimistic about the promise of grade forgiveness, but others are concerned about what it could do to academic dynamics. "It teaches students that their work in a course doesn't matter because there's always another chance," said Jonathan Marx, a professor of sociology at Winthrop University, in South Carolina.

　　Marx and his colleague David Meeler, an associate professor of philosophy, have studied grade-forgiveness programs at eight public institutions in an unnamed southern state. What they found in a study published in 2013 is that 5 percent of the seniors they polled at one of the institutions used grade -forgiveness policies to keep anywhere from a quarter to half of all of their coursework from counting toward their GPA One student highlighted in the study repeated five different courses for better grades, including a math class in which she was eventually able to raise her grade from a D to an A-minus.

　　"Everyone knows about grade inflation, but this is GPA distortion, and few people looking at a student's GPA know it happens," Meeler said. He and Marx told me they have nothing against giving students second chances, but their issue is with the colleges that, say, allow a student to repeat five courses as they please. "Institutions are allowing students to manage their grades to get the highest reward," Meeler said, as opposed to requiring students to work with faculty members to master the material.

　　At the University of Colorado Boulder, such concerns led faculty members to eliminate grade forgiveness in 2010. Professors at the time were worried about the fairness of the policy—they noticed that students in some majors were using it more than those in others, and that a freshman-oriented rule was being used regularly by upperclassmen. But now, as other colleges adopt or expand such policies, Colorado is considering reinstating the practice. "We're weighing how to foster student success to help them achieve their goals," said Kristi Wold-McCormick, the university's registrar. "We are not trying to alter academic history. It gives the student a chance to tell their story, about how they overcame a mistake or a struggle."

　　College officials also tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big 'penalty. "Ultimately," Ohio State's Miner said, "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent courses or master the content that allows them to graduate on time."

　　That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well. For public institutions, state appropriations are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will-likely make students -who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill—feel they've gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.

　　Indeed, grade, forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to churn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.

　　26.【題干】What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation? _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.The change of course catalogs

　　B.Students' indifference to GPAs

　　C.Colleges' neglect of GPAs

　　D.The influence of consumer culture

　　【答案】D

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干信息詞定位到首段第一句，句子主干“Grade inflation is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education”即高校成績膨脹問題通常被認(rèn)為是消費者至上時代的產(chǎn)物。選項The influence of consumer culture. “消費者至上文化的影響”正是該句原因的同義表達(dá)。故D選項正確。

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　　27.【題干】What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness? _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.To help freshmen adapt to college learning

　　B.To maintain colleges' graduation rates

　　C.To prepare graduates for a challenging future

　　D.To increase universities income from tuition

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干要求定位到第三段第二句。該句中的this practice對應(yīng)題干中的grade forgiveness，first started對應(yīng)題干中的original，而不定式短語to give them(freshmen)a second chance...if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses(如果大一新生在都向大學(xué)課程的過渡中有問題的話在給他們一次機會......)為目的，對應(yīng)題干中的purpose，故正確答案應(yīng)為[A]選項To help freshmen adapt to college learning(幫助大一新生適應(yīng)大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí))。

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　　28.【題干】According to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges to _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.obtain more financial support

　　B.boost their student enrollments

　　C.improve their teaching quality

　　D.meet local governments' needs

　　【答案】A

　　【解析】細(xì)節(jié)題做題的技巧是“準(zhǔn)確定位和匹配”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞 “Paragraph 5”,以及“grade forgiveness”和“colleges”定位到第五段第一句話。通過第一句話可以看出，“grade forgiveness”滿足了大學(xué)自己的需要，而具體的需要在第二句中體現(xiàn)，因此本題真正的答案出自于第二句即“For public institution…”。第二句話的意思是“對于大學(xué)來講，國家的基金有時候是跟一些因素有關(guān)的，比如畢業(yè)率和學(xué)生在學(xué)率，因此好的分?jǐn)?shù)意味著錢。題干中問題使“grade forgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠…,而根據(jù)本段的第二句話，可知 “grade forgiveness”使大學(xué)能夠獲得更多的國家的基金，這與A選項“獲得更多的經(jīng)濟(jì)支持”匹配，因此正確答案選A。

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　　29.【題干】What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5, Para. 6) most probably mean? _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.To counterbalance each other

　　B.To complement each other

　　C.To be identical with each other

　　D.To be contradictory to each other

　　【答案】C

　　【解析】根據(jù)題目定位到第6段最后一句：On this, students' and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.解決本題的關(guān)鍵是this指代的內(nèi)容，根據(jù)上文Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible—or at least appear to be.即“由于學(xué)生和家長都希望通過大學(xué)學(xué)歷找工作，因此符合學(xué)校最佳利益的便是盡可能地證明學(xué)生的能力——或者說至少看起來如此”。由此可知，學(xué)生和學(xué)校有著共同的利益目標(biāo)，所以正確答案為C，學(xué)生和學(xué)校的倡議是一致的。

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　　30.【題干】The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness by _____.

　　【選項】

　　A.assessing its feasibility

　　B.analyzing the causes behind it

　　C.comparing different views on it

　　D.listing its long-run effects

　　【答案】B

　　【解析】根據(jù)題干，表面上問作者通過什么論述方式來探討grade forgiveness的實踐操作，其實是考全文的主旨寫作手法，屬于主旨大意題。方法即是串讀每段段落大意句，把握作者的論述角度。尤其，在第一段第一句 Grade inflation-…. - is often considered a product of a consumer era…. 以及第二句 But another, related force -…… 談及的都是背后的原因。第五段，第一句 That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges' own needs as well.也是突出了grade forgiveness 能夠滿足大學(xué)自身的需求，這也是分析了grade forgiveness的原因。所以，該題答案是B項，analyzing the causes behind it.

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