點擊查看：2018年6月大學(xué)英語六級閱讀100篇

　　People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors arc formed.It's not easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not. or why one is cooperative and another is competitive.

　　Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of question. They want to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibits certain behaviors. There are no clear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on thee matter have developed. As one might expect the two approaches are very different from one another. and there is a great deal of debate between proponents of each theory. Thecontroversy is often conveniently referred to as"nature/nurture".

　　Those who support the "nature" side of the conflict believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological and genetic factor. That our environment has little. if anything to do with our abilities. characteristics. and behavior is central to this theory. Taken to an extreme, this theory Maintains that our behavior is predetermined to such a great degree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.

　　Proponents of the "nurture" theory, or, as they are often called. behaviorists. claim that our environmentis more important than our biologically based instincts in determining how we will act. Behaviorists see humans as being whose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. Their view of the human being is quite mechanistic; they maintain that like machines. humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.

　　The social and political implications or these two theories are profound. In the United Stares, for example, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligent test. This leads some "nature" proponents to conclude that blacks are genetically interior to whites. Behaviorists, in contrast. say that the differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many of the educational and other environmental advantages that white enjoy. and that. as a result. they do not develop the same responses thatwhites do.

　　Neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior. In fact, it is quite likely that the key to our behavior lies somewhere between these two extremes. That the controversy will continue for a long time is certain.

　　1. The author is mainly concerned about solving the problem__________________.

　　A) why one's behaviors differ from others'

　　B) what makes different stages of intelligence

　　C) how social scientists form different theories

　　D) what causes the "nature/nurture" controversy

　　2. The word "proponents" can best be replaced by _____.

　　A) approaches

　　B) advocates

　　C) principles

　　D) characters

　　3. Which of the following statements may be supported by the "nature" school?

　　A) We are born will certain personalities and behaviors.

　　B) Environment has nothing to do with our personalities.

　　C) Abilities and characteristics are revealed by behaviors.

　　D) Only extreme behaviors are determined by instinct.

　　4. What can we learn about the behaviorists?

　　A) They believe human beings are mechanical.

　　B) They compare our behaviors to the machines.

　　C) They suggest that we react to the environment as the machines do.

　　D) They uphold that the mechanistic theory can be applied on us as well.

　　5. The "nature” theorists believe that the blacks' low scores____________.

　　A) are the result of the educational disadvantages

　　B) are a manifestation of the blacks' poor intelligence

　　C) have nothing to do with their true intelligence

　　D) have nothing to do will factors other than heredity

　　答案：

　　1.作者主要關(guān)注于解決什么問題?

　　A) 為什么一個人的行為與其他人的行為不一樣?

　　B) 智力發(fā)展的不同階段是怎么形成的?

　　C)社會科學(xué)家是如何形成不同的理論的?

　　D) 是什么造成了“天性論，教養(yǎng)論”的爭議?

　　[A]原文開頭兩段指出作者要討論的問題，第2段末開始從兩個方面解釋該問題，末段是總結(jié)段，從文章的結(jié)構(gòu)可見文章要探討的是人類行為如何形成。從選項來看，似乎沒有一個表達此意，但首段末句和第2段第2句中的why...從句表明how(怎樣形成)和why(為什么不同)其實是對文章關(guān)注的問題的兩個不同表述，故選A。

　　2. 能替換“proponents”(支持者)一詞的是哪一個?

　　A)方法 B)倡導(dǎo)者 C)原則 D)特征

　　[D]第4段首句可以比較明顯看出proponents和該句中的they以及behaviorists所指相同。由此可見，proponents 一詞指的應(yīng)該是人;第5段第3句中的conclude也表明proponents是有行為能力的人，只有選項B符臺這種推測。其他選項都是無行為能力的“方法”、“原則”或“特征”，都不適于原文句子的內(nèi)容和搭配。

　　3.下列哪一種言論能得到“天性論”的支持?

　　A) 我們的一些性格和行為是與生俱來的

　　B) 環(huán)境與我們的性格沒有關(guān)系。

　　C) 能力和個性是可以從行為中反映出來的。

　　D)只有極端行為才是由天性決定的。

　　[A]第3段首句中的determined by biological and genetic factor和未句中的governed by our instincts/表明“天性論”派會認同選項A的看法。第3段第2句表明選項B中的has nothing to do with... 不正確;原文并未提及選項C中提到的能力、特點和行為之間的關(guān)系;選項D只是將第3段末句的某些詞語拼合在一起，原文并未討論有關(guān)extreme behaviors的內(nèi)容。

　　4.關(guān)于行為學(xué)家我們了解到的是什么?

　　A) 他們相信人類具有機械性。

　　B) 他們將我們的行為比作機器。

　　C) 他們暗示我們對環(huán)境做出的反應(yīng)就像機器做出的反應(yīng)一樣。

　　D) 他們認為，機械性理論也可以適用于我們。

　　[C]本題實際上考查對第4段末句的正確理解。原文該句中的like machines, humans respond...表明作者并非單純把人類比作機器，而是把人類對環(huán)境的反應(yīng)與機械對環(huán)境的反應(yīng)作對比，故選項C正確。

　　5.“天性論”理論者認為，黑人的分數(shù)很低_____________。

　　A) 因為存在教育劣勢。

　　B) 顯示出黑有和智力低下。

　　C) 與他們真正的智力沒有關(guān)系。

　　D) 與除遺傳以外的其他的因素毫無關(guān)系。

　　[D]將第5段第3句與第3段結(jié)合起來，可以確定選項D為本題答案，只有選項D才符合“天性論”派對性格與行為形成的看法。選項A是另一派，即行為主義者的看法;原文該處雖也有intelligent一詞，但是“天性論”者關(guān)注的并非分數(shù)與真正的智力之間的關(guān)系，他們關(guān)注的是造成黑人分數(shù)低下的原因，事實上，原文也沒有提到分數(shù)和智力之間是否存在某種關(guān)系，因此選項B和C都沒有原文依據(jù)。

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