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　　Aging As Development

　　Human life is a process. A number of psychologistshave attempted to identify the particular tasks thatmust be accomplished at each stage ofdevelopment. Successful completion of tasks at onestage means that the individual normally proceeds tothe next stage and a few set of tasks. It is notalways recognized, however, that there are newtasks for the aged1 as well as for those who are younger. Aging, in other words, is a new stagein the developmental process of life.

　　What are the developmental tasks faced by the aged? Some tasks are similar to those of otherage groups, and some are peculiar to the elderly. In the nineteenth century, for instance, mostmen had no transition to retirement. Typically, a man worked until disability or death. Fewpeople had to deal with the "empty nest2" problem, since children either did not leave the familyhouse or returned there to live with their elderly parents.

　　Today, when an increasing number of people are living into their seventies and eighties, thereare at least five developmental tasks facing the elderly. First, the aged must come to termswith3 the physical limitations inherent in4 their stage of life. They will no longer be able toengage in certain activities as often or as successfully as they once could. Second, havingcome to terms with the limitations, the older person must redefine the scope of his or heractivities. Third, the older person must find new sources for satisfying his or her needs. Thismay be particularly acute at the time of retirement for those who hold to the work ethic.

　　A fourth task is to reassess the criteria for self-evaluation. Again, the loss of work is involved,for many Americans consider themselves worthwhile because they have a fulltime job. Thequestion the elderly person must face is "Am I a worthwhile person because of the kind ofindividual I am, because of the various qualities I possess, or am I worthwhile only as long asI can function in some kind of job?" A man who lost his job in advertising when he was sixty-one told the author that he could not find another job in his field. He has done some freelancework, but he still mourns the loss of his job. "I loved what I did, " he said, "and I resented beingthrown out on the scrap heap5. There are times when I think I'm just not worth anythinganymore. "

　　Finally, the aged face the task of finding ways to give meaning and purpose to their 021 lives.This task arises throughout the individual's life. Many elderly people find challenges, struggles,and gratifications just as they did in their earlier years.

　　閱讀自測

　　Complete the sentences with the proper forms of the words given in parentheses:

　　1. We are _____( gratification) to learn that you have won the scholarship.

　　2. Your work in office has not been very _____( product) .

　　3. Money will be paid half in advance and half on_____ ( complete ) .

　　4. All railroads have weight and height _____( limit) because of tunnels, bridges and so forth.

　　參考答案

　　1. gratified 2. productive 3. completion 4. limitations

　　參考譯文

　　衰老是個發(fā)展過程

　　人生是個過程。一些心理學(xué)者試圖找出人生每一階段必須完成的特定任務(wù)。圓滿地 完成一個階段的任務(wù)意味著這個人已順利進(jìn)入下一個階段, 又要面對一些新的任務(wù)。然 而, 人們并不一定能意識到不僅年輕人有新任務(wù), 而且老年人也有新的事情要做。換句話 說, 衰老是人生過程中一個新的階段。

　　那么老年人面對的發(fā)展任務(wù)是什么呢? 有些任務(wù)與其他年齡組的相似, 還有一些則是 老年人特有的。比如說, 19 世紀(jì), 大多數(shù)人不會退休。那個時候的人常常會工作到做不動 甚至做到死。很少會有人面對“ 守空巢”的問題, 因為他們的孩子或者不離開父母家, 或者 離家后又回來跟年邁的父母同住。

　　今天, 步入耄耋之年的老人越來越多, 他們至少要面對五項生活任務(wù)。首先, 老年人必 須承認(rèn)這個人生階段所帶來的身體上的限制。他們已不能像年輕時候那樣頻繁地參加某 些活動, 也不會如過去那般成功。第二, 承認(rèn)身體上的局限之后, 老年人就必須重新界定自 己的活動范圍。第三, 老年人必須要找到能滿足自己需要的新的資源。對于那些恪守工作 道德的老年人來說, 這一點在他們退休的時候也許尤為重要。

　　第四個任務(wù)是要重新審視自我評價的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。又要說到失去工作這個問題了, 因為許多 美國人之所以認(rèn)為自己有價值, 是因為他們有一份全職工作。老年人必須面對的一個問題 是“ 我的價值在于我本身, 還是在于我身上有各種優(yōu)點, 還是僅僅在于我能在某份工作中起 022 到 一些作用? ”一位在61 歲的時候失去他在廣告業(yè)的工作的男士對本作者說, 他在廣告這 一行已經(jīng)找不到工作了。雖然他現(xiàn)在做一些自由撰稿的活兒, 但仍然為失去原來的工作而 悶悶不樂�！� 我熱愛我的工作, ”他說,“ 我討厭像扔垃圾一樣被炒掉。有時候我感覺自己 已沒有什么價值了。”

　　最后, 老年人還要面對如何使他們的生活充滿意義和目的的任務(wù)。這個任務(wù)貫穿了人 的一生。許多老年人最終找到了各種挑戰(zhàn)、競爭和滿足感, 就像他們年輕的時候一樣。

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