一、列舉法
列舉法是四級(jí)寫作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列標(biāo)志詞引出原因或者可能的影響等。
列舉法常用的素材有：
引出列舉
1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______.
也許有一些因素造成/可以解釋______。
2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.
引起______顯著增長(zhǎng)/下降的原因有三個(gè)/許多/幾個(gè)/很多。
3. Some reasons can explain this trend.
一些原因可以解釋這一趨勢(shì)。
4. Why ______ ?
為什么______?
5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______.
造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。
6. The reason for this is not far to seek.
這一問題的原因不難發(fā)現(xiàn)。
7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors.
要找出這一現(xiàn)象的原因并非易事，因?yàn)樗婕叭舾蓮?fù)雜的因素。
8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here.
______的原因有很多，這里我只想探討其中幾個(gè)最重要的原因。
9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones.
導(dǎo)致這種現(xiàn)象的原因有很多，以下是其中比較有代表性的。
10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones.
有很多原因可以解釋該問題。就我而言，我認(rèn)為以下原因比較典型。
11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______.
引起______變化的因素有很多。
分條列舉
1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .
首先，______。其次，______。
2. First,______ . Second, ______ .
首先，______。其次，______。
3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.
首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。
4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______.
第一個(gè)原因是______。第二個(gè)原因是______。第三個(gè)原因是______。
5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .
首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。
6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.
一方面,______。另一方面，______。
7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.
首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。
8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.
我不同意上述觀點(diǎn)的另一個(gè)原因是我認(rèn)為______。
二、對(duì)比法
對(duì)比法是指通過對(duì)比兩種截然不同的觀點(diǎn)來陳述其中的利弊，從而得出自己的結(jié)論。對(duì)比法常用的素材有：
整段表達(dá)：
1. Many students like ______. Among them there are two different attitudes to ______. Some of them think that . Others, however, don't think so. They feel that ______.
許多學(xué)生喜歡______。關(guān)于他們有兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)。有人認(rèn)為______。而另外一些則不贊同這種看法。他們認(rèn)為______。
2. There is no consensus among people as to ______. Some people suggest that ______, while others argue that ______. I agree with the latter/former.
人們并未就______達(dá)成一致意見。一些人建議______，而另一些人則爭(zhēng)辯說______。我贊成后者/前者。
3. People differ greatly in their attitudes toward this problem. Some maintain that ______. Others, on the contrary, hold the opinion that ______. Personally, I stand on the side of ______.
人們對(duì)于這個(gè)問題的態(tài)度差異很大。有人認(rèn)為______。與此相反，另外一些人認(rèn)為______。就我個(gè)人而言，我站在______這一邊。
4. For most people today, ______have/has become their main source of ______. But as for me, ______should be regarded as a better source.
如今大多數(shù)人將______作為______的主要來源。但就我而言，______應(yīng)被看作一種更好的來源。
5. ______may be superior to ______, but it poses problems for those who ______.
______可能比______更好一些，但它會(huì)給那些______的人帶來問題。
6. Different people have different ideas about ______. Some people take it for granted that ______. On the contrary, some other people think ______.
關(guān)于______的觀點(diǎn)因人而異。有人想當(dāng)然地認(rèn)為______。相反，其他人則認(rèn)為______。
7. This case has aroused echoes throughout the country with more and more people following its lead, but ideas about it vary widely. Those who criticize/oppose/object to/are against it argue/hold that ______, but people who advocate/support/are for it maintain/assert/claim that ______.
隨著越來越多的人加入它的行列，這一事件已經(jīng)在全國引起了巨大反響。然而，人們對(duì)此的觀點(diǎn)卻迥然不同。反對(duì)者認(rèn)為______，但支持者則宣稱______。
8. People differ in their opinions on ______. Some of them believe that ______, while others deem that .
人們對(duì)______持有不同的看法。有些人認(rèn)為______,而有些人則認(rèn)為______。
9. Many surveys show that people in increasing numbers are beginning to realize that ______. Meanwhile, many people still live under the traditional idea that ______.
許多調(diào)查顯示，越來越多的人開始意識(shí)到______。同時(shí)，仍有許多人持傳統(tǒng)觀點(diǎn)，認(rèn)為______。
10. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much greater than the advantages we gain from ______.
從______中獲取的優(yōu)勢(shì)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超過我們從______中獲取的。
11. ______ bear(s) a close/striking resemblance to ______.
______與______極為相似。
12. On the one hand, ______. On the other hand, ______.
一方面，______。另一方面，______。
13. Similarly/Likewise/In the same way,______ .
同樣，______。
14. Although ______ enjoy(s) a distinct advantage, ______.
盡管______有明顯優(yōu)勢(shì)，但是______。
15. Nothing/Few things can approach/equal/match ______.
沒有什么能與______相比。
16. Indeed, ______ carries more weight than ______when ______ is concerned.
的確，就______而言，______的重要性要超過______。
17. Serious as the problem may be, it pales into insignificance by comparison with .
這個(gè)問題可能很嚴(yán)重，但與相比就微不足道了。
18. In comparison/contrast, ______ .
比較而言/對(duì)比起來，______ 。
19. Indeed/Certainly, ______ play(s) a more/less important role when compared with ______.
當(dāng)然，與______相比，______的影響要大/小得多。
20. Despite the fact that most of them like ______, I would like to choose to ______.
盡管有許多人喜歡______，我還是傾向于______。
21. When the advantages and disadvantages are compared/weighed, the conclusion/finding is quite obvious/self-evident.
比較一下優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，結(jié)論就不言而喻了。
三、舉例法
所謂舉例法，是指以恰當(dāng)?shù)氖吕齺碜糇C自己的觀點(diǎn)，例子應(yīng)該典型、精煉。
舉例法常用素材有：
1. From my everyday experience and observation I can list several examples that defend the statement that ______.
根據(jù)我的日常經(jīng)驗(yàn)和觀察，我可以舉出幾個(gè)例子來證明______。
2. There are many instances supporting my opinion.
有許多例子可以證明我的觀點(diǎn)。
3. Perhaps the most important example of ______ is ______.
有關(guān)______的最重要的例子可能是______。
4. A case in point is ______.
一個(gè)恰當(dāng)?shù)睦邮莀_____。
5. Take ______ for example.
以______為例。
6. This is a concrete example that ______.
這是一個(gè)有關(guān)______的具體例子。
7. Nothing could be more obvious/apparent than the evidence that ______.
再?zèng)]有比______更明顯的例子了。
8. I can think of no better illustration of this idea than theexample of ______.
要說明這個(gè)問題，______是一個(gè)最好的例子。
9. The latest surveys conducted by ______ show/reveal/demonstrate/indicate that ______.
由______開展的最新調(diào)查顯示______。
10. No one can deny the fact that .
______沒有人可以否認(rèn)______的事實(shí)。
11. Talking about ______, the first thing that may occur to you and me seems to be ______.
說到______，我們首先想到的似乎就是______。
12. A common example, which is frequently cited, is ______.
一個(gè)被普遍引用的例子是______。
13. Instances of the same sort might be quoted easily, but this will be sufficient to show that ______.
類似的例子不勝枚舉，但這一個(gè)就足以說明______。
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