文都06年春季四級(jí)講義-英譯漢英漢語言對(duì)比

    一．英漢語言對(duì)比

1．英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜，多長句；漢語多短句。例：

My point is that the frequent complaint of one generation about the one immediately following it is inevitable. (1996.1)

我的觀點(diǎn)是一代人經(jīng)常抱怨下一代人是不可避免的。

Rocket research has confirmed a strange fact which had already been suspected there is a “high temperature belt” in the atmosphere, with its center roughly thirty miles above the ground. (30 words)

比較：

A: 用火箭進(jìn)行研究已證實(shí)了人們?cè)缇陀羞^懷疑的大氣層的一個(gè)中心在距地面30英里高空的“高溫帶”的這種奇怪的事實(shí)。

B: 人們?cè)缇蛻岩�，大氣層中有一個(gè)“高溫帶”，其中心在距地面30英里的高空。利用火箭進(jìn)行研究后，這一奇異的事實(shí)已得到證實(shí)。

2．英語多用被動(dòng)，漢語多用主動(dòng)。英語使用被動(dòng)的情況有：

1）不知道行為者是誰或不必說明行為者是誰。

The book has already been translated into many languages.

2）對(duì)行為對(duì)象比對(duì)行為者更感興趣。

The work must be finished before Christmas.

3）為了某種緣故不愿說明行為者是誰。

It is generally considered not advisable to act that way.

4）為了連貫上下文及安排上的需要。  

They are going to build an apartment house here next year. It is going to be built beside the office building.  

    如：We were most impressed by the fact that even those patients who were not told of their serious illness were quite aware of its potential outcome. (1996. 6)

3．漢語代詞（人稱代詞和物主代詞）的使用遠(yuǎn)比英語為少。英語使用代詞的地方很多。每個(gè)句子、分句都需要一個(gè)主語，而這個(gè)主語常常是代詞。另外，所屬關(guān)系也要明確指出來，因而物主代詞用得很多。如：

As we discuss our differences, neither of us will compromise our principles. But while we cannot close the gulf between us, we can try to bridge it so that we may be able to talk across it.

直譯：在我們討論我們的分歧的時(shí)候，我們哪一方都不會(huì)在我們的原則上妥協(xié)。但是，雖然我們不能彌合我們之間的鴻溝，我們卻能夠設(shè)法搭一座橋，以便我們能越過它進(jìn)行會(huì)談。

改譯：在討論我們的分歧時(shí)，哪一方都不會(huì)在原則上妥協(xié)。但是，雖然不能彌合我們之間的鴻溝，我們卻能夠設(shè)法搭一座橋，以便能越過它進(jìn)行會(huì)談。

4．英語多變化，漢語多重復(fù)。英語寫作時(shí)要盡量避免重復(fù)，而漢語則不怕重復(fù)，如果使用得當(dāng)，重復(fù)可以起反復(fù)強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用。

I first heard this tale in India, where it is told as if true—though any naturalist would know it couldn’t be. Later someone told me that the story appeared in a magazine shortly before the First World War.

 我頭一回聽到這個(gè)故事是在印度，那兒的人今天講起來仍好象是確有其事似的—盡管任何一位博物學(xué)家都知道這不可能是真的。后來有人告訴我，在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)之前不久，有一本雜志曾刊登過這篇故事。

5．英語較抽象，漢語較具體。譯文中不能有似是而非的東西，不能“以其昏昏，使人昭昭”。

Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. (36 words)

宇宙膨脹雖然聽似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理學(xué)中一些公認(rèn)理論在科學(xué)上看似可信的推論，七八年來許多天體物理學(xué)家一直認(rèn)為這一學(xué)說是正確的