2010年12月大學英語四級考試常用語法精選(12)

　　Ⅴ 連詞

　　并列連詞

　　表示意義的引申: and, both…and, not only…but(also), as well as, and …as well, neither…nor

　　表示選擇: or, either…or

　　表示轉(zhuǎn)折: but, while, whereas, yet, however/nevertheless(也可認為是副詞)

　　表示因果: for, so, therefore, hence

　　從屬連詞

　　表示時間: when, while, as, after, before, since, until(till), as soon as, once

　　表示原因: because, as, since, now that, seeing that

　　表示條件: if, unless, in case, provided(that), suppose, as long as, on condition (that),

　　表示其他關(guān)系: (al)though, than, as/so…as, lest, in order that, so…that

　�、� 定語從句

　　限制和非限制性定語從句: 限制性定語從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個組成部分, 去掉了會造成病句或意義不明確; 非限制性定語從句屬于補充說明性質(zhì), 去掉了不會影響主要意義, 通常用逗號與它的先行詞分開.

　　The boys who wanted to play football were disappointed when it rained.

　　The boys, who wanted to play football, were disappointed when it rained.

　　如果定語從句的先行詞是專有名詞, 或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my, his, etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this, that, etc)作限定詞, 其后的定語從句通常都是非限制性的:

　　Mary Smith, who is in the corner, wants to meet you.

　　Her mother, who had long suffered form arthritis, died last night.

　　All these books, which have been donated by visiting professors, are to be used by the postgraduates.

　　在非限制性定語從句中只能用who/whom指人, 用which指物,通常不用that替代.

　　My father, who had been on a visit to America, returned yesterday.

　　All the books, which had pictures in them, were sent to the little girl.

　　定語從句的引導詞

　　that, who, whom: 非限制性定語從句, 如果修飾人, 一般用who, 有時用that (作主語時用who較多). 如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語, 就應當用賓格 whom 或that, 但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉, 在口語中可用who代替whom.

　　Here is the man (whom) you’ve been looking for.

　　He is a man (that) you can safely depend on.

　　The people (who/that) you were talking to were Swedes.

　　There are some people here who I want you to meet.

　　但在介詞后只能用whom:

　　This is the man to whom I referred.

　　但在口語中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去, 這時可用that, 但省略時更多一些.

　　Have you met the person about whom he was speaking?

　　Have you met the person (that) he was speaking about

　　The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.

　　The girl (who/that) I spoke to is my cousin.

　　限制性定語從句如果修飾“物”, 用關(guān)系代詞that的時候較多, 也有時用which.. 當這個代詞在從句中是用作賓語時, 在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的, 特別是口語中(尤其是當被修飾的詞是all, everything等詞時):

　　Have you everything you need?

　　(Is there) anything I can do for you?

　　All you have to do is to press the button.