2010年12月英語四六級備考指導：閱讀邏輯詞匯

　　一篇文章的各個段落之間、各個句子之間都存在一定的邏輯關系，正確理解這樣的邏輯關系對于閱讀者有著很重要的意義：首先，借助上下文之間的邏輯關系，閱讀者能夠更好地理解文章大意、把握中心思想;其次，出題者往往針對文章中出現(xiàn)重要邏輯關系的語句出題。因此，在閱讀過程中，閱讀者應當十分注重把握文章的邏輯關系、把握表示邏輯關系的小詞。

　　一些比較重要的表示邏輯關系的小詞分述如下：

　　一、表示強轉(zhuǎn)折關系的詞匯

　　表示強烈轉(zhuǎn)折的常見詞匯包括：but, yet, however, in fact, nevertheless, nonetheless, indeed, virtually, practically等等。出題者常常針對表示轉(zhuǎn)折含義的語句出題，因此轉(zhuǎn)折的詞匯應當引起閱讀者的注意，閱讀者尤其應當把握好轉(zhuǎn)折詞后的文章信息。

　　例 1 ：四級2001年1月22題

　　22. What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth?

　　A) It is very unlikely but the danger exists.

　　B) Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.

　　C) Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.

　　D) It’s still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.

　　22題考查專家如何評論小行星與地球的碰撞。 根據(jù)關鍵詞“collision”，可以將考題定位至原文二段。在二段末句我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)折標志詞“But”，我們可以將考題定位在這句表示強烈轉(zhuǎn)折的句子上，閱讀者應當重點把握“But”之后的內(nèi)容。

　　Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids (流星) that race across the night sky. Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don’t threaten us. But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.

　　二段最后兩句話的大意是：大多數(shù)(小行星)繞著太陽轉(zhuǎn)，離地球很遠，不會威脅到地球。但是仍舊有成千上萬顆小行星，它們的軌道是要與地球碰撞的。

　　根據(jù)這句話我們可以推斷小行星和地球相撞的機率不大，但是確實存在著這樣的可能性。因此22題A選項“It is very unlikely but the danger exists.” (可能性不大，但是危險存在)，是正確選項。

　　例 2 ：六級1998年6月32題：

　　32. Commercials create the sensation of loudness because _______ .

　　A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levels.

　　B) Their sound levels are kept around peak levels.

　　C) Their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency ranges.

　　D) Unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range.

　　32題考察廣告聽起來很吵的原因，根據(jù)關鍵詞“Commercial”我們可以定位到文章的第二段。在第二段的最后一句話中我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了“However”這一表示強烈轉(zhuǎn)折的詞，我們可以將考題定位在二段末兩句話。

　　The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisers are skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. One major contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that mush less variation in sound level occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over a large range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.

　　最后兩句話的大意是：在普通節(jié)目中，聲音的強度變化很大。然而，在廣告中，聲音始終保持在峰值。

　　根據(jù)這兩句話的提示，我們可以推斷廣告聽起來吵的原因便是聲音始終保持在峰值，沒有強度的變化。因此，32題的B選項“Their sound levels are kept around peak levels.” (聲音始終保持在峰值)是正確選項。

　　二、表示因果關系的詞匯

　　出題者十分熱衷于針對文章中表示因果關系的語句出題，這樣的語句應當引起閱讀者的注意，閱讀者應當把握原因和結(jié)果分別指代什么文章信息。表示因果關系的詞可作如下分類：

　　1、名詞：base, basis, result, consequence, reason

　　2、動詞：cause, result in, result from, follow from, base on, be due to

　　3、介詞或連詞：because, since, for, as, therefore, so, thus, why, with

　　4、副詞：as a result, consequently

　　例 1 ：四級2002年6月39題：

　　39. People were given physical fitness tests in order to find out ________.

　　A) how well they could do in athletics

　　B) what their health condition was like

　　C) what kind of fitness center was suitable for them

　　D) whether they were fit for aerobic exercise��

　　39題考查對人們進行體能測試的目的。根據(jù)關鍵詞“physical fitness tests”，我們可以將考題定位至原文第二段，在第二段首句我們發(fā)現(xiàn)了因果關系標志詞“because”，二段首句就是我們要尋找的答案，閱讀者應當注意閱讀“because”后的原因內(nèi)容。

　　Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.

　　二段首句的大意為：歷史上，大多數(shù)體能測試通常包括肌肉力量測試和耐力測試，這并不是要看誰更健康，主要是因為這些體能指標與體育成績有關。

　　根據(jù)這句話我們可以推斷，對人們進行體能測試是出于體育的目的，其目的在于考查他們能在運動中取得多好的成績。因此A選項“how well they could do in athletics”(人們在運動中能取得怎樣的成績)，是正確選項。

　　例 2 ：六級2001年1月19題：

　　19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment?

　　A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.��

　　B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.

　　C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.��

　　D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment. ��

　　19題考察為何TT的從業(yè)人員同意接受Emily的實驗。在文章三段最后兩句，我們找到 了標志詞“because”，這兩句話闡述了某個因果關系。

　　Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapists would have to sit down for independent testing--something they haven't been eager to do, even though James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate the existence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed.) A skeptic might conclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn down an innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: “I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm a kid."�お�

　　最后兩句的大意為：誰會拒絕一個四年級的小孩?Emily說：“因為我是個孩子，所以他們沒把我當回事�！�

　　根據(jù)這兩句話我們可以推斷TT從業(yè)人員之所以參見Emily的試驗，是因為他們認為Emily只是一個小孩子，參加她的試驗應當沒有任何危險。因此，19題D選項“They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.”(他們感到一個小女孩的實驗沒什么危險)是正確選項。