名師點(diǎn)撥：英語四六級(jí)高分作文的寫作模式

二、 首段和尾段的寫作
　　 上一講中我們介紹了段落的擴(kuò)展模式，也就是說，我們已經(jīng)了解了文章中間一部分的敘述模式。根據(jù)四六級(jí)寫作的特點(diǎn)，一般首段和尾段都要自己補(bǔ)上，那么怎么才能寫好首尾段呢，下面我介紹一下，首尾段的寫作方式。

1 ．首段的寫作
　　 首段的寫作方式一般為：
　　 運(yùn)用事實(shí)性信息、調(diào)查或故事等引出話題， 2 ）導(dǎo)入主題，然后提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，也就是文章的論點(diǎn)
　　 首段開篇的方式常見的有：
1 ） 諺語法
　　 由于諺語一般已經(jīng)被大家所接受，用諺語提出自己的觀點(diǎn)也容易被讀者所接受。
As the saying goes, "Money makes the mare go", but there are many things we can't buy with money, such as time and true love. …

2 ） 定義法
　　 定義法是通過對(duì)文章中的關(guān)鍵詞做一些簡單或正面或反面的解釋，限定其范圍，這樣比較有利于引出主題。
"Practice makes perfect" is an old saying. It tells us that it does not matter if we are clumsy at doing something. As long as we keep on trying and practicing, we will do a good job in the end.

3 ） 提問法
　　 通過提問一個(gè)或一連串的問題，可以激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而引出主題。
a. Do you have many friends? Are they similar to you or different from you? Which kind of friends do you prefer?
b. What is a good student? Different people may have different answers to this question.

4 ） 概括法
　　 概括法指先總結(jié)文章內(nèi)容所涉及的現(xiàn)狀，然后引出主題。
In recent years, with the development of science and technology, the Internet has come into more and more homes and is playing a more and more important role in our work and daily life. It has become a must to us, but at the same time, Internet has also brought with it a lot of problems.

5 ） 故事法
　　 故事法指用簡單有趣的故事激發(fā)讀者的興趣，從而提出自己的觀點(diǎn)。如下面 "Is Stress a Bad Thing?"

6 ） 引語法
"Just as eating without liking harms the health, learning without interest harms the memory and can't be retained." From Vinci's words we can see how important it is to motivate the students in language learning.

7 ） 調(diào)查法
　　 為了得到讀者的認(rèn)可，文章的開始可以引出調(diào)查數(shù)據(jù)等，借以提出主題，如下面 "Is Stress a Bad Thing?" 的 1 ）和 "Can Schoolchildren Start Using the Internet?" 的 4 ）。

8 ） 假設(shè)法
　　 假設(shè)法是指通過假設(shè)提出一種選擇，交代文章要涉及的問題，從而提出文章的主題。
Suppose you were offered two jobs, one is highly-paid but rather demanding, the other is less demanding, but poorly-paid, which would you prefer? …

9 ） 綜合法
　　 具體寫作時(shí)，同學(xué)們沒有必要拘泥于一種方式，可以將上述方法總和起來。

首段示例 1 ：
題目： Is Stress a Bad Thing?
提綱： 1 ）有人害怕壓力
2 ） 有人認(rèn)為壓力并不是一件壞事
3 ） 我的看法

" I can't stand the pressure and competition," explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his company recently. My friend may have his own reasons, but I don't think his decision is wise in reality.
It is true that my friend's case is not unique. In the last few years quite a number of men and women have chosen to do something less competitive at the cost of a comfortable, easy life a highly-paid job can obtain. They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally. In fact, however, stress isn't the bad thing it is often supposed to be. Unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless, idle life. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth - the very aim of a human life.
Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way to avoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it.

　　 就這一標(biāo)題而言，根據(jù)所提示的提綱，首段的寫作還可以采用下列方式：
1) According to a recent survey, in the last few years, quite a number of young people have chosen to quit their demanding but highly-paid jobs. Although they may have their own respective reasons, I don't think their decision is wise in reality.

2) Which job do you prefer, a highly-paid but very competitive position or a poorly-paid but also less demanding job? You may choose the latter and have your own reasons, but I don't think this choice is wise enough whatever reasons.

3) Faced with a hard and demanding task, people's attitude varies widely: some try to avoid it and others regard it as a challenge to their abilities. In fact the choice we make between "flight" or "fight make the difference between leaders and mediocrities( 平庸之輩 ).